I noticed something
funny in watching President Biden take the oath of office, which was been shown
repeatedly over the past week. Usually, it seems to me that the individuals
being sworn in as President and Vice President precisely repeat the words said
by the Chief Justice. But at the very end of the presidential oath, Chief Justice
Roberts said (emphasis mine) “so help you God,” following which
President Biden (correctly) said “so help me God.” I had not
noticed this when Vice President Harris was sworn in, and did not recall having
noticed it before.
Here is the
Presidential oath of office as defined in the Constitution:
Around noon, the president-elect recites the following oath, in
accordance with Article II, Section I
of the U.S. Constitution:
"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully
execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of
my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United
States."
I wondered when that
phrase “so help me God” was added to the oath. On Wikipedia, I read
The First Congress explicitly prescribed the phrase "So
help me God" in oaths under the Judiciary Act of 1789 for all U.S. judges and officers other than
the president. It was prescribed even earlier under the various first state
constitutions as well as by the Second Continental Congress in 1776. Although
the phrase is mandatory in these oaths, the said Act also allows for the option
that the phrase be omitted by the officer, in which case it would be called an affirmation instead of an oath: "Which words, so help me God, shall be
omitted in all cases where an affirmation is admitted instead of an oath." In
contrast, the oath of the president is the only oath specified in the
Constitution. It does not include the closing phrase "So help me
God", and it also allows for the optional form of an affirmation which is not considered an oath. In
practice, however, most presidents, at least during the last century, have
opted to take the oath (rather than an affirmation), to use a Bible to do so, and also to close the
oath with the customary phrase.
I spent a couple of
hours going through videos of presidential inaugurations over the past thirty
some years, and here is what I found:
|
Year
|
President
|
Oath
Administered by
|
Final
Words said by Chief Justice
|
|
1977
|
Carter
|
Burger
|
So
help me God
|
|
1981
|
Reagan
1
|
Burger
|
So
help me God
|
|
1985
|
Reagan
2
|
Burger
|
So
help me God
|
|
1989
|
GHW
Bush
|
Rehnquist
|
So
help me God
|
|
1993
|
Clinton
1
|
Rehnquist
|
So
help me God
|
|
1997
|
Clinton
2
|
Rehnquist
|
So
help me God
|
|
2001
|
GW
Bush 1
|
Rehnquist
|
So
help me God
|
|
2005
|
GW
Bush 2
|
Rehnquist
|
So
help me God
|
|
2009
|
Obama
1
|
Roberts
|
So
help YOU God (both at original and retake)
|
|
2013
|
Obama
2
|
Roberts
|
So
help YOU God
|
|
2017
|
Trump
|
Roberts
|
So
help me God
|
|
2021
|
Biden
|
Roberts
|
So
help YOU God
|
I even went back and
watched a video of John F. Kennedy’s inauguration, at which then Chief Justice
Earl Warren administered the oath of office, and lo and behold Warren said “so
help YOU God,” to which President Kennedy responded “so help me
God.”
I am not sure why Chief
Justice Roberts used different wording when swearing in President Trump than he
had used for President Obama and subsequently used for President Biden.
I also noticed
something I had not noticed previously, namely, that the oath sworn by the Vice
President is rather different than the one asked of the President, and in fact
contains that key phrase at the end.
The vice-president-elect is sworn in first, and repeats the same
oath of office, in use since 1884, as senators, representatives, and other
federal employees:
"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and
defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and
domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take
this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion;
and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which
I am about to enter: So help me God."
I was always a math
and science student, and only studied as much history and political science as
I needed to maintain a decent grade point average. So, for me this has been an
interesting civics lesson, but I could not resist at least creating one table
to track my findings.
Stay well.
Love,
Rebecca